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Determination of effective moisture diffusivity and drying kinetics …

The drying characteristics of sawdust are studied in a thermogravimetric analyzer. Internal diffusion is the dominant physical mechanism governing moisture transfer. TGA method is suitable for investigating diffusivity mechanism and drying kinetics. Midilli–Kucuk model is the best for describing the sawdust drying characteristics. Isothermal conditions is established …

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Applications of spouted bed technology in the drying of food …

They found that the optimal drying conditions were at a temperature of 70 °C, an air velocity of 10.5 m/s and a drying time of 4 h. Under these conditions, the extraction rate of papaya seed oil was 26.50 g/100 g, and the content of oleic acid was about 72 g/100 g.

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Drying of suspensions and solutions on inert particle surface in

The aim of this study was to investigate the drying of protein solutions on inert particle surface in MSB dryer, as well as to determine the optimum process conditions to obtain dried powder-like product of particle size under 20 μm with preserved soluble protein content higher than 90%. For model material bovine serum albumin (BSA) was chosen ...

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Drying conditions and their effect on ceramic shell

The wafers were dried at different temperatures and relative humidity conditions. The effect of drying conditions was observed through the measurement of compressive strength of the ceramic shell ...

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Characteristics of wet and dry crushing methods in the recycling

The finest fraction of wet crushing was at 56.22%, whereas dry crushing had given about 48.26%. Accordingly, wet crushing has given a higher amount of finer and coarse particles and dry crushing ...

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Analysis of D 2 Law in Case of Shengli Lignite Drying Under Inert …

Thus it is of interest to understand the heat and mass transfer mechanism of the low rank lignite drying under different drying environments such as N2, CO2, air, argon, and helium.

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Hazardous electrolyte releasement and transformation …

Currently, the inert gas protected crushing, also known as dry-crushing, has been commonly used in practice. By purging sufficient amount of inert gas to suppress the oxygen level into special …

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Crushing of Battery Modules and Cells | SpringerLink

After different pre-treatments to minimize the hazard potential of LIB, such as discharging, thermal pre-treatment, and freezing, two general crushing technologies can be …

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Considerations and Approaches for Filling Dry-Powder Inhalers

Factors affecting dry-powder inhalers. ... Most DPI formulations contain a mixture of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and an inert carrier material such as lactose. As shown in Figure 2, various attributes of the powder formulation must be considered and managed through the preparation processes and when filling the material into the ...

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Aseptic Spray Drying Technology

However, it may be useful to dry certain vaccines under inert conditions to protect them from oxidation. Figure 4.3 shows a schematic of a closed-cycle aseptic spray dryer system based on various literature (Masters and Vestergaard 1975 ; BETE 2005 ; Thybo et al. 2008 ; Pakowski and Mujumdar 2014 ; Andersen 2016 ; Manufacturing Chemist 2016 ...

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Drying Powder

Heating powders, particularly in an inert, dry environment, can also be used to remove adsorbed moisture from ... They are soft with low crushing strength, but their resistance is enough to enable transfer and processing. ... these dryers have disadvantages, too: high energy consumption, low process rate under fine powder drying conditions ...

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Determination of effective moisture diffusivity and drying kinetics …

In practice, TGA measures the mass (weight) loss of materials at specific heating rates and temperatures under either inert (N 2, Ar), oxidising (air, O 2 ), or combined conditions [134,135].

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Tribological performance of graphene nanoplatelets filled …

DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2020.128881 Corpus ID: 226341941; Tribological performance of graphene nanoplatelets filled glass/epoxy composites under dry, inert gas and oil-lubricated environmental conditions

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Characteristics of wet and dry crushing methods in the recycling

Methods of wet and dry crushing are adopted to experiment on spent lithium-ion batteries in this investigation. Particle size distribution is analyzed using the wet and dry …

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The attrition behaviour of oxygen-carriers under inert and reacting

The supported copper oxide, in contrast, consisted of inert particles of alumina catalyst support with a layer of copper oxide deposited on the porous structure. These differences meant that the particles could have very different propensities for attrition, especially under repeated cycling between oxidising and reducing conditions.

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Hazardous electrolyte releasement and transformation …

Wet-crushing with aqueous media protection is considered safer and more efficient than common inert-gas protected dry-crushing in preprocessing spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, it is also accompanied with the releasement and transformation of hazardous electrolyte, while the mechanisms and pollution impact yet remain unknown.

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Characteristics of wet and dry crushing methods in the recycling

So, under the same crushing condition, different materials have different particle size distribution. Therefore, the crushing of spent LIBs belongs to selective crushing. However, the performance of selective crushing for dry crushing is obviously better. Given that dry screening is not thorough enough, the actual effect will be better.

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(PDF) The attrition behaviour of oxygen-carriers under inert and

The attrition of two potential oxygen-carriers for chemical-looping, 100 wt% mechanically-mixed, unsupported iron oxide (400-600 mm diameter) and 25 wt% copper oxide impregnated on alumina (600-900 mm diameter), has been studied. The rates of

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Pretreatment options for the recycling of spent lithium-ion …

Under the premise of dry crushing, electrode materials such as LiCoO 2 and graphite entirely peel off from the Al foil and Cu foil, then concentrate into the fine fraction with fewer impurities and a loose structure, creating favorable conditions for subsequent recycling …

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Unit Processes in Pyrometallurgy: Drying, Calcination, Roasting

In some cases, heat for drying can be provided by hot air or inert gas that has been indirectly heated. The amount of heat required for a given drying operation corresponds to the heat required to vaporize the liquid moisture, the heat required to raise the temperature of the products (dry solids and water vapor) to the final drying temperature ...

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Drying and Curing Options for the LR2RC platform

The 1kW IR oven also comes with an option for inert gas that enables IR drying under inert conditions. Drying/Curing Infrared Light; Power: 1000 W: Power Control: Potentiometer: Gas Pressure (Only for Inert Gas) < 6 bar: Drying Length: 190 mm: Dimensions: 240 mm x 350 mm x 330 mm: Weight: 8 kg .

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Shredding of Lithium-Ion Batteries: Overview and

Fire risk during crushing and drying due to the presence of flammable compounds in the electrolyte composition. Explosion risks in certain scenarios if chemicals are not properly …

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Mini Spray Dryer B 290

To safely spray dry inflammable solvents, a new operating principle is employed which uses a combination of the Spray Dryer B-290 and the Inert Loop B-295 to provide a closed loop circulation under inert conditions. The absence of oxygen prevents the formation of a ignitable mix-ture. At the same time, the solvent con-

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The combination of microwave and hot-air drying to prepare …

The cowhide was first dried to a certain humidity by microwave, and then dried under different hot-air treatment times (6 h, 12 h, 18 h, 24 h, 48 h). The physicochemical and functional properties of CFP were evaluated. The results indicated that extending the hot-air drying time increased the crushing rate and decreased the particle size of CFP.

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Atomization and spray drying processes

Spray drying is a method by which a liquid or slurry is converted to a dry powder by atomization into a flowing hot gas stream. Air is generally the heated gas, although if the liquid contains flammable solvents such as ethanol or toxic solvents such as methylene chloride, nitrogen is usually used as the drying gas (Mujumdar, 2007).This inert drying gas method is …

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Drying kinetics and determination of effective moisture diffusivity …

The thin-layer drying experiments were conducted at different temperatures (40, 50, and 60 °C) and a constant RH of 40%. The velocity of the air passing through the cylinder was approximately 1.4 m·s −1.Cube-shaped endocarp and mesocarp samples were prepared from the intact fruits immediately before starting the experiment; cubes were prepared using a sharp scalpel along …

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Lignin extractions from oil palm empty fruit bunch under …

removed by washing with distilled water and drying in the sun. Afterwards, a commercial cutting mill was used to turn the dry fibers into a powder (Retsch SM100). Then, the ... using DES under inert and pressurized conditions. The pressure and time were kept constant at 7 bar and 60 min, respectively, whereas the temperature varied from 60 to 90

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Variation characteristics of active groups and

The relative inhibition ratios of different inert gases on low-temperature oxidation of coal can be calculated by the formula: R = A-B A × 100 % where R is the inhibition ratio of inert gases, %; A is the experimental value of coal at a certain temperature under DA; B is the experimental value of coal sample under different conditions of inert ...

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Investigation of agricultural residues pyrolysis behavior under inert

Upon further heating, between 250 and 800 °C, rice straw, corn straw and corncob lose approximately 60%, 30% and 50% of their original weight under inert conditions, respectively, leaving behind a char residue of approximately 30% for rice straw, 65% for corn straw and 45% for corncob. However, a small residue is left after the pyrolysis under ...

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Safety in a vacuum: Drying Process for sulphur filter cake under

Gebrüder Lödige Maschinenbau, Germany, has developed a drying plant designed to operate under constantly inert conditions. To ensure safe use of the drying plant in the production of sulphur the ...

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